How To Fix Paint Chips On Car?

In every vehicle owner’s life, there comes a moment when the pristine paintwork of their beloved car inevitably succumbs to the assaults of time, weather and roadside debris.

Those little chips and scratches can detract from the overall aesthetic of your vehicle, and if left untreated, may develop into more serious issues.

Addressing these imperfections promptly not only serve aesthetic purposes, it can also help to maintain the vehicle’s market value.

This process, whilst it may appear daunting, is not as complicated as it seems.

With a little knowledge, the right tools, and some patience, anyone can restore the lustrous sheen of their car.

In this article, we will guide you meticulously through the step-by-step process required to do it yourself.

Contents

How To Fix Paint Chips On Car?

Quick answer:

To fix paint chips on your car, first, clean the chipped area with soap and water, then sand it smoothly with sandpaper. Apply primer to the chipped area and allow it to dry, followed by applying matching car paint using a small brush. Finally, seal the repainted area with clear coat, allowing it to dry before polishing to blend with the rest of the car’s paint.

While the aforementioned process provides an effective solution to rectifying paint chips, there are additional aspects to consider when approaching car paint repairs.

Delving deeper into this topic will equip you with an understanding of how to prevent paint chips, the ideal conditions for conducting these repairs, and how to maintain the restored paint over time.

Debunking some common misconceptions about car paint repairs can also help ensure successful outcomes.

Continue reading to gain a comprehensive knowledge of auto paint maintenance and repair.

Essential Tools Needed for Paint Chip Repair

Before embarking on a mission to fix paint chips on your car, gathering the right tools is the first step toward achieving professional results.

Choosing the Appropriate Paint

Choosing the appropriate paint is the first tool you need to consider. This will not only ensure a cohesive look but also guarantee a lasting repair.

The ideal paint should match your car’s color.

Usually, the car’s paint code is provided in the vehicle manual or on a specific label found inside the car, helping you find the exact color match.

Remember, the aim is to attain a seamless finish that makes it impossible to tell there was a paint chip in the first place.

This quote emphasizes the importance of choosing the right paint color for your project. It’s not just about making the damage disappear; it’s about creating an appearance that looks as if there never was any damage.

If the color doesn’t match perfectly, the repair may stand out, making it obvious that a touch up was done.

Acquiring a Primer

After choosing the right paint, the next tool you need is a primer.

Primers are important because they help the paint adhere better to the surface and provide a good base that ensures the paint lasts longer.

The type of primer needed will depend on the depth of the chip.

A good primer can make the difference between a paint chip repair that lasts and one that doesn’t.

This statement backs up the importance of a primer in any paint chip repair process. When applied properly, a primer can help to seal off the area and provide a stable base for the paint to adhere to.

It gives the finish longevity, greatly reducing the likelihood of the paint chipping again.

Clean-Up Tools

Having appropriate clean-up tools is also crucial. These may include amongst others, sandpaper, cleaning solutions or rubbing alcohol, and microfiber cloths.

Quality sandpaper provides a smooth surface for the paint and primer to adhere to.

Cleaning solutions ensure a clean surface free from unwanted particles that may interfere with your painting.

How to Fix Paint Chips on Your Car with PRO Results | Permanent Repair!

By watching this video, you will get an actual practical demonstration on how to correctly use these essential tools. Not only will you see these tools in action, but you’ll also learn valuable tips and tricks on how to establish an effective work process from professionals who’ve mastered the art of paint chip repair.

Supplemental Tools

Other supplemental tools you might need include paint brushes or touch up pens for the application, as well as clear coat for the finish.

Remember, although the clear coat might be optional in some cases, it usually helps in providing the final glossy finish that matches the rest of your car’s paint.

The right tools do not just make the job easier but also make the difference in the final results.

The statement reiterates the importance of having the right tools at hand when embarking on a car paint chip repair project. A professional finish relies heavily on the type and quality of tools used.

Therefore, before starting the repair, one should invest in good quality tools designed specifically for the job.

Step-by-step Guide: How to Fix Paint Chips on Your Car

If you’re a car owner, there’s nothing more frustrating than noticing a paint chip on your beloved vehicle.

However, with the right tools and a little bit of patience, you can fix it yourself and restore the beauty of your car in no time.

Step 1: Assessing the Damage

Firstly, it’s crucial to assess the damage properly.

Inspect the chipped area closely and try to gauge how deep the damage is.

Small and shallow chips are the easiest to fix, but large or deep chips may require more advanced tools and techniques.

Step 2: Cleaning the Area

Before starting the repair, ensure the chipped area is clean.

Wash it thoroughly using a good quality car shampoo and a clean, non-abrasive cloth.

If there’s any rust on the chip, remove it carefully with a rust remover solution.

Finally, rinse the area thoroughly and let it dry completely.

You must provide a clean surface for the new paint to adhere to effectively. Ensuring the chipped area is clean provides optimal results.

This step is vital because any dirt or rust left on the surface might prevent the new paint from adhering properly, compromising the results of your repair.

Therefore, invest some time in doing it right to ensure the best result.

Step 3: Sanding the Surface

Once the chipped area is clean and dry, next comes the sanding process.

Using a fine-grit sandpaper (usually 220-300 grit), sand the chip and the area around it carefully until the surface is smooth.

This will give the new paint a smooth surface to adhere to, and help it blend in with the surrounding paint.

Step 4: Applying the Paint

The next step is applying the new paint.

First, you need to prepare the paint according to the manufacturer’s instructions, which usually involves mixing the paint with a hardener.

Then, using a fine brush or a toothpick (for very small chips), apply the paint to the chipped area carefully, leaving it to dry for the indicated time before applying the next layer.

It’s better to apply several thin layers of paint than one thick one. This way, the paint has a better chance to dry effectively, and the result is smoother and more professional.

Following these best practices when applying the paint will ensure a better end result and will help your repair blend in with the existing paint.

Remember, patience and precision are key at this stage.

Step 5: Applying Clear Coat and Polishing

Finally, once the paint is dry, you need to apply a clear coat to protect the new paint and make it shine.

Apply it carefully with a brush, and leave it to dry completely, which usually takes a few hours.

Once the clear coat is dry, you can polish the area to make it match the rest of your car’s paint.

Following these general steps can lead to a successful paint chip repair.

Remember, the results might vary depending on the size and depth of the chip, the type and color of your car’s paint, and your own skill and experience.

Best Practices in Car Paint Chip Clean Up

Before embarking on the process of car paint chip repair, it’s vital to observe appropriate practices during the clean-up stage. A diligent clean-up process helps to ensure seamless paint chip restoration. It sets the right foundation, making subsequent steps more manageable and the final results more satisfying.

Understanding the Importance of Cleaning

It’s essential to understand the importance of a thorough clean-up before initiating the repair process. The clean-up process involves removing dirt, dust and chemical contaminants that could interfere with the paint adhesion process. A dirty surface can also cause improper color match and other issues during the painting process.

Remember, the goal of cleaning is to produce a smooth, clean surface where new paint can adhere properly. If done properly, cleaning can make the difference between a professional-level repair job and a less satisfactory outcome.

The clean-up process involves removing dirt, dust and chemical contaminants that could interfere with the paint adhesion process.

A thorough cleaning doesn’t only revolve around the affected area; it should cover as much of the car’s surface as possible. This broader clean-up will ensure that no stray dust or debris interferes with your work.

Choosing the Right Cleaning Materials

The right cleaning materials can make a significant impact on the quality of your clean-up process. Use a mild detergent and warm water to clean the affected area gently. Avoid harsh detergents and abrasive brushes that might worsen the damage or scratch your car’s surface.

The last thing you want to do is to create new scratches on your vehicle during the cleaning process. It’s recommended to use microfiber towels which are soft, absorbent, and non-abrasive. These towels will provide a soft touch to your vehicle’s surface while absorbing unwanted debris and moisture.

Use a mild detergent and warm water to clean the affected area gently. Avoid harsh detergents and abrasive brushes that might worsen the damage or scratch your car’s surface.

It’s essential to be gentle when cleaning around the damaged area. This is to prevent further peeling or loosening of the paint around the chip. Always ensure that the surface is dry before applying primer or paint.

Final Checks before Car Paint Chip Repair

After cleaning and drying your car, make a final check on the affected area. This final check helps you ensure that the surface is genuinely clean and ready for primer application. It’s much easier and cost-effective to handle any inadequacies during this stage than to discover them halfway into the painting process.

Sometimes, despite thorough cleaning, a tiny speck of dirt or a minute scratch might go unnoticed. Such minor issues can severely impact the final outcome of your repair. Therefore, being keen on this final check allows you to prevent undesirable surprises later on.

After cleaning and drying your car, make a final check on the affected area. This final check helps you ensure that the surface is genuinely clean and ready for primer application.

Following these best practices in car paint chip clean-up can enhance the effectiveness of your paint chip repair process. Remember, a job well begun is half the job done!

Paint Chip Hack: Can You Fill a Car Paint Chip with Paint, Sand & Buff?

In this video, you will learn a helpful hack on how to fill a car paint chip with paint, sand and buff to achieve professional results. This visual aid compliments the guidelines stated above by practically demonstrating the proper procedure to adhere to during car paint chip repair.

The Importance of Using Primer in Paint Chip Repair

When repairing paint chips on your car, one essential step that many people tend to overlook is the application of the primer.

The primer’s function is not merely for adhesion of the subsequent paint layers, but it imparts a whole array of benefits that significantly affect the final appearance and durability of your paint job.

Primer’s Role in Adhesion and Durability

First and foremost, the primer serves as a bonding agent between the car’s surface and the paint.

A primer ensures that the paint sticks better to the surface, resulting in a more durable and long-lasting finish.

Without it, your new paint may quickly begin to chip and peel, incurring more cost and time in repeat repairs.

Thus, while it could be tempting to skip the primer application step, doing so could compromise the durability and aesthetic appeal of your paint repair.

This quote succinctly encapsulates the crucial role the primer plays in ensuring the paint’s longevity.

By serving as a bonding agent, the primer essentially helps to anchor the paint onto the car surface, thereby reducing the likelihood of it chipping off again.

Primer and the Paint’s Final Look

Apart from enhancing the paint’s durability, primer also plays a significant role in determining the paint’s final appearance.

Primer provides a consistent, neutral base that allows the paint’s true color to shine.

Without a primer, the paint may appear patchy or its shade could be slightly off, especially if you’re painting over a darker or heavily damaged area.

Therefore, if you’re aiming for a flawless and professional-looking paint chip repair, applying primer is non-negotiable.

The statement above elucidates the considerable impact a primer has on the final color and consistency of the paint job.

By providing a uniform base, the primer allows for the true, undistorted color of the paint to come forth, enhancing your car’s overall appearance.

Primer’s Property in Protecting the Car’s Surface

Lastly, primer also acts as a protective barrier for your car’s surface.

It can help to seal off any minor scratches or imperfections on the surface, preventing moisture or dirt from seeping under the new paint.

This protective barrier can, in turn, help to prevent further chipping or corrosive damage to your vehicle’s exterior.

Therefore, the use of primer in paint chip repairs provides not just immediate benefits, but it also can help to prolong the overall lifespan of your car’s paint job.

The impactful point presented above emphasises the protection and longevity afforded by applying primer during paint chip repairs.

By covering surface imperfections and providing a barrier against damaging elements, primer plays a significant part in maintaining your car’s painted surfaces for much longer periods.

Tips to Choose the Right Car Paint for Your Vehicle

Choosing the right car paint for your vehicle can be a daunting task, especially with so many options available in the market.

However, with a little guidance and understanding, you can easily make an informed decision that satisfy your needs and complements your car’s original color.

Here are some considerations that can help guide your decision making process.

Understanding Paint Types

The first step in choosing the right car paint is understanding the different types of paint available.

There are mainly three types of automotive paint – Urethane, Acrylic, and Metallic.

Urethane paints are durable and resist chipping, acrylic paints provide a nice glossy finish, and metallic paints add a shimmering effect to the vehicle.

Each type has its unique qualities, and your choice should depend on the look you want to achieve as well as durability requirements.

The first step in choosing the right car paint is understanding the different types of paint available. This, ranging from Urethane with its durability attributes, to acrylic and metallic paints, cater to a variety of aesthetic and functional needs.

This understanding of paint types sets the foundation for deciding which paint best suits your particular needs, taking into consideration the climate in which you live and the type of use your car gets.

Color Matching

The next step involves ‘color matching’.

It is important to choose a paint that matches your car’s existing color, especially if you are dealing with scratch or chip repair.

Many manufacturers provide ‘color codes’ which can be used to exactly match the paint color of the original paintwork.

Following this system will ensure a seamless blend between the repaired area and the rest of the car body.

However, note that just choosing the correct color is not enough, the finish also has to match.

An important tip in choosing the right car paint involves ensuring that color and finish of the chosen paint match that of the existing car paintwork. The correct color coupled with the right finish results in a flawless and natural-looking repair.

It substantiates the importance of not only finding the right color code but also ensuring the finish is homogeneous with the rest of the vehicle.

Should you still find difficulty in making a suitable choice, consider seeking professional help from an experienced auto-painter or your car’s manufacturer.

The BEST WAY to fix PAINT CHIPS on YOUR CAR!

This briefing is supplemented by a helpful video that guides you through the process of repairing paint chips on your car.

The visual aid assists in understanding the discussed tips better, detailing each step involved in car paint chip repair.

There is no concluding paragraph for this section, as the article is not concluding.

How to Properly Apply Car Paint on Chipped Areas

Applying car paint on the chipped areas can be a tricky process if you do not know the correct way of doing it. To achieve a professional and seamless finish, you need to follow certain steps and practices.

Cleaning the Area

Before you start to apply the car paint, the first step is to clean the chipped area thoroughly. Any dirt, debris or grease can prevent the paint from adhering properly and can lead to unsatisfactory results.

To clean the chipped area, you can use a fine sandpaper and a car washing soap.

Applying the Primer and the Base Coat

Once the area is clean, the next step is to apply the primer. The purpose of the primer is to provide a smooth surface for the paint to adhere to. After applying the primer, you should allow it to dry completely.

When the primer is dry, the next step is to apply the base coat. The base coat is the actual color that you want your car to be. In fact, you should use the same color code as the original paint of your car to achieve a perfect match.

Using the right color code for the base coat is crucial for achieving a finish that matches your car’s original color.

If you are unsure of your car’s color code, it should be listed in your vehicle’s manual or on a sticker in your vehicle. Once you have the correct color, you should apply the base coat in thin and even layers, allowing each coat to dry completely before applying the next.

Applying the Clear Coat and Polishing

Then, the final step is to apply the clear coat. The clear coat provides a glossy finish and protects the base coat from damage.

After applying the clear coat, you should allow it to dry completely, and then use a fine sandpaper to remove any bumps or imperfections. Once you are happy with the surface, you should buff it with a polish to give it a shine and blend it with the rest of the paint.

Buffing the newly painted area will give it a shine and blend it with the rest of the car’s paint.

During the buffing process, a circular motion should be utilized, and pressure should be applied uniformly. Take your time with this process to ensure a smooth and high-quality result.

Taking care to follow these steps when applying car paint to a chipped area will help to ensure that the finished result looks as professional and seamless as possible. Regardless of the size of the chip, the correct preparation and application of paint can make a considerable difference to your vehicle’s appearance.

Final Takeaway

To sum up, it’s imperative to clean the chipped area thoroughly before applying any paint. Then use the primer, followed by the base coat of your car’s color, and finally, the clear coat.

Take your time with each of these steps, ensuring everything is dry before moving onto the next stage.

And lastly, do not forget the importance of polishing the repainted area for that seamless finish.

With patience and careful application, it’s absolutely possible to fix paint chips on your car to a near-professional standard.

Why Use Clear Coat in Car Paint Chip Repair?

Applying a clear coat to car paint chip repair is an essential step in the process. Clear coat offers a number of benefits, most notably for its protective properties.

Clear coat can act as a barrier against harmful elements such as sun, rain, snow, and dust. Not only does it add a shield and maintain the vibrancy of the paint color, it also enhances the finish of the car paint, giving it a high-gloss effect.

The Role of Clear Coat in UV Protection

One of the main reasons clear coat is used in car paint repair is its effective UV protection. When a car is regularly exposed to the sun, the UV rays can cause the car’s paint to fade and deteriorate rapidly.

Adding clear coat not only preserves the car’s aesthetic, but importantly, it acts as a sunscreen for the vehicle’s body. This makes the paint job last longer and retain its original colour.

Effective UV protection of clear coat preserves the car’s aesthetic and prolongs the longevity of the paint job.

By aiding in maintaining the car’s color, clear coat also significantly helps in preserving the car’s resale value.

The layer of clear coat makes touch-ups appear more professional, leaving the original paintwork intact and protecting it from wear and tear. Any future paintwork disasters can only affect the clear coat layer, leaving the original paint untouched.

The Protective and Aesthetic Effect of Clear Coat

While its protective attributes are key, clear coat also plays a substantial role in boosting the overall aesthetics of the car. It provides the glossy shine that enhances the vehicle’s visual appeal.

Applying a clear coat isn’t a complex process. The two sentences following the video will guide you on the possible lessons to learn from it.

By watching it, you will not just understand the protective role of the clear coat but also get led through detailed and easy-to-follow steps about how to effectively apply clear coat on a chipped paint car. You will also learn an exceptional strategy on how to preserve your car’s overall aesthetic value.

The clear coat provides the glossy shine that enhances the vehicle’s visual appeal, while protecting the original paintwork from wear and tear.

Several coats are typically applied to achieve a high-gloss finish, which not only protects the car’s body but also makes it look brand new.

Overall, skipping the clear coat in a paint repair job can be detrimental to the longevity and look of the car paint. Investing in a clear coat will undoubtedly benefit both the appearance and durability of your car paint.

Polishing the Repainted Area: Do’s and Don’ts

Understanding the Importance of Polishing

After repairing paint chips on your car, the journey doesn’t end there. The repainted areas now need to be polished.

In the automotive world, polishing is essential to amplify the car’s aesthetics and protect the new paint layer.

It gets rid of imperfections, restores shine, and smoothens the surface.

Moreover, it creates a protective barrier around the repainted area against scratches, bird droppings, and grime.

Proper polishing ensures that your repair works blend seamlessly with the rest of the car’s body.

Polishing is not only about improving the car’s appearance, but also about adding an additional layer of protection to the new paint.

This is why understanding the polishing process and its guidelines is crucial. By learning the do’s and don’ts, you can optimize the effect of your car paint chip repair.

Polishing Do’s

There are several important practices to keep in mind while polishing your repainted car.

Firstly, you should always ensure that the surface is clean and dry before you start polishing.

Next, always use a good quality car polish that is suitable for your vehicle’s paint type.

It’s also advisable to work in a shaded area as direct sunlight can cause the polish to dry too quickly.

Lastly, do not overdo it. A thin layer of polish is enough to get the desired shine and protection.

Using a good quality polish and working in a shaded area drastically improves the overall result of polishing.

These practices not only enhance the look of your car but also extend the lifespan of the new paint.

In the end, the success of polishing depends largely on careful application and patience.

Polishing Don’ts

While there are practices to follow, there are also some actions to avoid when polishing your car.

Avoid using a rough cloth or any harsh material that can scratch the surface.

Never apply polish on plastic or rubber surfaces as it can be difficult to remove and may cause staining.

Also, do not allow the polish to dry on the surface for too long before buffing it off.

And lastly, remember not to use too much polish. Applying excessive amounts doesn’t yield a better shine but can make removal difficult.

Avoiding common mistakes such as the use of harsh material and overapplication of polish ensures the smoothness and longevity of your car’s paint.

By avoiding these pitfalls, you can ensure that the time and effort you put into repairing and repainting your car is worth it.

At the end of the day, the key to a successful polish lies in the balance of knowing what to do and understanding what not to.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Fixing Paint Chips on Car

Working on fixing car paint chips can be a satisfying but tedious process. Knowing the common mistakes that many people fall prey to will not just save you valuable time, but it will also ensure the longevity and quality of your repair.

Mistake One: Ignoring the Importance of Proper Cleaning

One of the biggest and widespread mistakes is ignoring the importance of cleaning the chipped paint area. The process of mending a paint chip requires a clean, dust-free environment to ensure proper adhesion and prevent further damage.

The process of mending a paint chip requires a clean, dust-free environment to ensure proper adhesion and prevent further damage.
While it might seem trivial, this step is crucial for a successful repair. Any contaminant left on the surface can hinder the adherence of paint, causing an uneven finish or peeling after a short while.

Mistake Two: Skipping the Use of Primer

Many people tend to skip the priming process under the assumption that the paint itself is sufficient. However, primer plays a critical role in providing a base for the paint, which aids in achieving a smooth finish and premium look.

A primer also contributes to the durability of the repair, making them an integral part of the repair process.

Mistake Three: Choosing the Wrong Paint

Choosing the wrong paint match for your car is another common mistake that can significantly affect the car’s overall appearance. It’s vital to use the exact color match to maintain a uniform look.

Choosing the wrong paint match for your car is another common mistake that can significantly affect the car’s overall appearance.
To avoid this, you can look for the factory color code of your car, often found in the door jamb or engine compartment. Using this code will lead you directly to the matching color paint for your vehicle.

Mistake Four: Improper Application of Clear Coat

Applying clear coat improperly can lead to an unpleasant appearance and fail to protect the car’s paint. It is often tempting to apply it quickly or extensively, which can lead to drips or bubbles, leaving a bumpy finish. A tip here is always to apply it in thin, even layers, allowing ample drying time between coats.

How To FIX Any Paint Chip or Scratch in Your Car or Truck Paint... DIY

For further insight into how to avoid these common mistakes and master the process of paint chip repair, the embedded video is a must-watch. It provides a practical visual guide to walk you through each step of the process ensuring a quality repair job.

Mistake Five: Inadequate After-Care

It’s a common mistake to overlook the importance of after-care once the repair is done. The newly applied paint and clear coat will need some time to cure completely. Thus, it’s best to keep your car out of harsh environmental conditions and avoid washing it for at least a couple of days.

Knowing what missteps to side-step can make the paint chip repair process smoother and more effective. With this information at hand, you can ensure your car gets the treatment it deserves, maintaining aesthetics and value alike time.

Maintaining Your Car Paint After Repair: Best Practices and Guidelines

Once you’ve successfully completed your car’s paint chip repair, maintaining the paintwork becomes crucial.

Regular Cleaning

Firstly, keeping your car clean is one of the simplest yet most effective ways to maintain its paint job.

It prevents substances like dirt, bird droppings, or tree sap from sticking to your car’s surface which can slowly degrade the paint over time.

Be sure to use a high-quality car shampoo which doesn’t contain harsh chemicals that may harm your car’s paint.

A soft detailing brush can also be used to remove any stubborn stains without scratching your paintwork.

Maintaining the cleanliness of your car is not only about aesthetics, it’s also a crucial aspect of car paint maintenance.

This simple routine significantly prolongs the life of your car paint after the repair.

Plus, it’s also a good opportunity to check for any new damages or issues.

Protection from Sun Damage

Another important aspect of car paint maintenance is protecting it from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

Sun rays can cause your paintwork to fade, and over time, it could lead to noticeable discoloration.

If you can’t park your car in a shaded area or a garage, opt for a car cover, or use products with UV protection.

Sun damage to car paint is slow but gradual, and if left unchecked, it can severely degrade the quality of your car’s paint job.

There are also UV-resistant car waxes and paints that you can use if you live in an extremely sunny area.

These types of products have a higher level of resistance against UV rays and can keep your car’s paint in good condition.

Periodically Waxing your Car

Lastly, you should consider waxing your car every three to four months.

Wax provides an extra layer of protection to your car by creating a barrier between your paint and the elements.

It can also fill in light scratches and provide a shiny finish.

Waxing is one of the most effective ways to maintain your car paint’s shine and lustre, whilst providing vital protection against environmental hazards.

Always use a high-quality carnauba wax or ceramic coating that is free from harsh chemicals or abrasives that could harm your paintwork.

Regular waxing not only makes your car look shiny and new, it also greatly improves its longevity.

In conclusion, maintaining paintwork after a chip repair is as essential as the repair itself.

By following these simple guidelines, you can enjoy your car’s beautiful paintwork for years to come.

The Bottom Line

Maintaining the aesthetic of your car involves good knowledge of how to fix paint chips, making it crucial to have the right tools and understand the step-by-step repair process.

Clean up should be effective, using a quality primer and choosing the appropriate car paint when addressing the problem.

Properly applying the car paint and using a clear coat are essential factors in successful paint chip repair.

Furthermore, it’s vital to avoid common mistakes when fixing paint chips to ensure a seamless result.

Post-repair maintenance is as crucial as the repair itself for the longevity of the new paint.

Polishing must be done carefully, adhering to specific guidelines to avoid damage.

Ultimately, taking a proactive and informed approach to car paint chip repair can preserve your vehicle’s appearance and value.